Clinical symptoms of orchitis (epididymitis) in dogs:

1. The characteristics of acute orchitis are: local heat, pain and swelling, and the testicles are firm in texture. The animal may lick the testicles and may experience general malaise, fever, and loss of appetite.

2. The testicles of chronic granulomatous orchitis are swollen, solid, and painless. The testis may have diffuse infiltration of macrophages. Chronic orchitis generally has no systemic symptoms.

3. For those with a longer course of disease, their testicles will atrophy, become fibrotic and become irregular. Adhesions between the testicles and the underlying scrotum are common.

4. The quality of semen decreases and abnormal sperm increase significantly. If necessary, serological testing for brucellosis can be performed.

Prevention and treatment measures for orchitis (epididymitis) in dogs:

1. Treat sick dogs with systemic high-dose antibiotics. In the case of local infection, local drainage must be performed while systemic treatment is performed.

2. Surgical removal of testicles and epididymis: Dogs with Brucella-positive dogs and dogs with severe testicular damage, abscess or necrosis should have their testicles removed.

3. It can be equipped with an Elizabethan collar to prevent dogs from licking.